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Lithuania - Wikipedia
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In the spring of , four peasants were sentenced to death for starting the riots. Two days later, the Lithuanian government accepted the ultimatum. In October , Lithuania was forced to sign the Soviet—Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty : five Soviet military bases with 20, troops were established in Lithuania in exchange for Vilnius , which the Soviets had captured from Poland. They demanded the replacement of the Lithuanian government and that the Red Army be allowed into the country.
The government decided that, with Soviet bases already in Lithuania, armed resistance was impossible and accepted the ultimatum.
The Baltic states were occupied. The Soviets followed semi-constitutional procedures for transforming the independent countries into soviet republics and incorporating them into the Soviet Union. Lithuanians proclaimed independence and organized the Provisional Government of Lithuania. This government quickly self-disbanded.
Approximately 13, men served in the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions. The Lietuvos saugumo policija targeted the communist underground. A new occupation had begun.
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Nationalized assets were not returned to the residents. Some of them were forced to fight for Nazi Germany or were taken to German territories as forced labourers. Jewish people were herded into ghettos and gradually killed by shooting or sending them out to concentration camps. After the retreat of the German armed forces , the Soviets reestablished their control of Lithuania in July—October The massive deportations to Siberia were resumed and lasted until the death of Stalin in At the same time, Lithuanians were lured to work in the USSR by promising them all the privileges of settling in a new place.
The second Soviet occupation was accompanied by the guerrilla warfare of the Lithuanian population, which took place in — It sought to restore an independent state of Lithuania, to consolidate democracy by destroying communism in the country, returning national values and the freedom of religion. About 50, Lithuanians took to the forests and fought Soviet occupants with a gun in their hands.
Even with the suppression of partisan resistance, the Soviet government failed to stop the movement for the independence of Lithuania. The underground dissident groups were active publishing the underground press and Catholic literature. On 23 August a big rally took place at the Vingis Park in Vilnius. It was attended by approx. Lithuania became the first Soviet-occupied state to announce the restitution of independence. On 20 April , the Soviets imposed an economic blockade by ceasing to deliver supplies of raw materials primarily oil to Lithuania.
Although the blockade lasted for 74 days, Lithuania did not renounce the declaration of independence. Gradually, economic relations had been restored. However, tensions had peaked again in January People from all over Lithuania flooded to Vilnius to defend their legitimately elected Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania and independence.
Литва: города и деревни
The coup ended with a few casualties of peaceful civilians and caused huge material loss. Not a single person who defended Lithuanian Parliament or other state institutions used a weapon, but the Soviet Army did. Soviet soldiers killed 14 people and injured hundreds. A large part of the Lithuanian population participated in the January Events. On 31 July , Soviet paramilitaries killed seven Lithuanian border guards on the Belarusian border in what became known as the Medininkai Massacre. On 25 October , the citizens of Lithuania voted in a referendum to adopt the current constitution.
On 14 February , during the direct general elections, Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence of Lithuania. On 31 August the last units of the Soviet Army left the territory of Lithuania.
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Lithuania is located in the Baltic region of Europe [a] and covers an area of 65, km 2 25, sq mi. It has around 99 kilometres The rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania lies at the edge of the North European Plain. Its landscape was smoothed by the glaciers of the last ice age , and is a combination of moderate lowlands and highlands.
Lithuania has a temperate climate with both maritime and continental influences. Some winters can be very cold. The average annual precipitation is mm Snow occurs every year, it can snow from October to April. In some years sleet can fall in September or May. The growing season lasts days in the western part of the country and days in the eastern part. Severe storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania but common in the coastal areas. The longest records of measured temperature in the Baltic area cover about years.
The data show warm periods during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th-century warming culminated in the s, followed by a smaller cooling that lasted until the s. A warming trend has persisted since then.
Lithuania experienced a drought in , causing forest and peat bog fires. The law provided the foundations for regulating social relations in the field of environmental protection, established the basic rights and obligations of legal and natural persons in preserving the biodiversity inherent in Lithuania, ecological systems and the landscape. Lithuania does not have high mountains and its landscape is dominated by blooming meadows, dense forests and fertile fields of cereals.
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However it stands out by the abundance of hillforts , which previously had castles where the ancient Lithuanians burned altars for pagan gods. The country is also drained by numerous rivers, most notably the longest Nemunas. Forest has long been one of the most important natural resources in Lithuania. Lithuanian ecosystems include natural and semi-natural forests, bogs, wetlands and meadows , and anthropogenic agrarian and urban ecosystems.
Wetlands raised bogs, fens, transitional mires, etc. Changes in wetland plant communities resulted in the replacement of moss and grass communities by trees and shrubs, and fens not directly affected by land reclamation have become drier as a result of a drop in the water table.
In some cases, river and lake ecosystems continue to be impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication. Habitat deterioration is occurring in regions with very productive and expensive lands as crop areas are expanded. Currently, The wildlife populations have rebounded as the hunting became more restricted and urbanization allowed replanting forests forests already tripled in size since their lows. Currently, Lithuania has approximately , larger wild animals or 5 per each square kilometer.
The most prolific large wild animal in every part of Lithuania is the roe deer , with , of them. They are followed by boars 55, Wolves are, however, more ingrained into the mythology as there are just in Lithuania. Since Lithuania declared the restoration of its independence on 11 March , it has maintained strong democratic traditions. It held its first independent general elections on 25 October , in which The Lithuanian head of state is the president, directly elected for a five-year term and serving a maximum of two terms. The president oversees foreign affairs and national security, and is the commander-in-chief of the military.
The judges of the Constitutional Court Konstitucinis Teismas serve nine-year terms. They are appointed by the President, the Chairman of the Seimas, and the Chairman of the Supreme Court, each of whom appoint three judges. The unicameral Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas , has members who are elected to four-year terms.
Lithuania was one of the first countries in the world to grant women a right to vote in the elections. Lithuanian women were allowed to vote by the Constitution of Lithuania and used their newly granted right for the first time in By doing so, Lithuania allowed it earlier than such democratic countries as the United States , France , Greece , Switzerland Lithuania exhibits a fragmented multi-party system, [] with a number of small parties in which coalition governments are common.